{"id":637,"date":"2022-03-08T11:53:44","date_gmt":"2022-03-08T11:53:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/intrevo.creare-siteweb.ro\/?p=637"},"modified":"2022-03-25T10:56:13","modified_gmt":"2022-03-25T10:56:13","slug":"fluxurile-financiare-ilegale-in-africa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/intrevo.ro\/en\/fluxurile-financiare-ilegale-in-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"Fluxurile financiare ilegale \u00een Africa"},"content":{"rendered":"

Illicit financial flows are commonly referred to as \u201cmoney that is illegally earned, transferred, or utilized\u201d. Illicit financial flows out of Africa have become a matter of major concern because of the scale and negative impact of such flows on Africa\u2019s development and governance agenda.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

The various means by which illicit financial flows take place in Africa include illegal commercial activities, criminal activities, corruption and the abuse of entrusted authorities. There are three main types of drivers for the illicit financial flows: macroeconomic, structural and overall governance, with a complex dynamic interaction between them. The issue of illicit financial flows is highly complex and technical and Africa needs mechanisms and strategies to tackle these flows, as a key mechanism for its sustainable development.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Fluxurile financiare ilegale (FFI) reprezint\u0103 \u201ebani ob\u021binu\u021bi, transfera\u021bi sau folosi\u021bi \u00een mod ilegal\u201d. O bun\u0103 perioad\u0103, au existat, \u00een studiile de specialitate, confuzii \u00eentre aceste fluxuri \u0219i diferite forme ale \u201eexodului de capital\u201d. Exodul capitalului reprezint\u0103 capitalul repatriat dintr-o \u021bar\u0103, ca r\u0103spuns la condi\u021bii economice nefavorabile, prin metode ce pot fi at\u00e2t licite, c\u00e2t \u0219i ilicite. Spre deosebire, FFI pot sau nu s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 o \u021bar\u0103 din cauza unor astfel de condi\u021bii, \u00eens\u0103 implic\u0103 Ilegalitate \u2013 fie \u00een ob\u021binere (de exemplu, ca urmare a unor infrac\u021biuni), fie \u00een transfer (de exemplu, prin evaziune fiscal\u0103), fie \u00een ceea ce vor finan\u021ba la destina\u021bie (de exemplu, terorism).<\/span><\/p>\n

Principalul organism care gestioneaz\u0103 problematica FFI \u00een Africa este <\/span>United Nations Economic Commission for Africa<\/span><\/i>, care, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu <\/span>Comisia Uniunii Africane<\/span><\/i>, a creat <\/span>High Level Panel on Illicit Financial Flows<\/span><\/i><\/a>.<\/span><\/i> Defini\u021biile \u0219i principalele resurse ale prezentei analize provin de la acest organism, dac\u0103 nu se precizeaz\u0103 altfel.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

De ce este important subiectul fluxurilor financiare ilegale pentru Africa?<\/span><\/p>\n

FFI ce p\u0103r\u0103sesc Africa creeaz\u0103 \u00eengrijorare prin dimensiunea fenomenului \u0219i impactul s\u0103u negativ asupra agendei de dezvoltare \u0219i guvernan\u021b\u0103 a continentului. Se estimeaz\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een ultimii 50 de ani <\/span>Africa a pierdut peste 1000 miliarde USD<\/span> \u00een FFI; pentru a \u00een\u021belege amploarea fenomenului, aceast\u0103 sum\u0103 reprezint\u0103 aproximativ <\/span>echivalentul \u00eentregii ODA<\/span> (Asisten\u021bei Oficiale pentru Dezvoltare) primit\u0103 pe continent \u00een aceea\u0219i perioad\u0103 de timp. Este \u00eens\u0103 posibil ca aceste estim\u0103ri s\u0103 nu surprind\u0103 dec\u00e2t par\u021bial dimensiunea FFI, datorit\u0103 lipsei datelor relevante \u0219i al caracterului ascuns, ilicit, al faptelor ce stau la baza acestora.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Potrivit unui <\/span>raport<\/span><\/a> al Global Financial Integrity, un think-tank specializat \u00een cercetarea FFI \u0219i a impactului acestora asupra economiilor emergente \u0219i \u00een curs de dezvoltare, FFI \u00een \u00a0Africa subsaharian\u0103 se situeaz\u0103 la cel mai ridicat nivel global ca procent al lor din PIB (6,1%), pe locul III \u00een cadrul economiilor \u00een dezvoltare ca volum net (dup\u0103 Asia \u0219i Europa central\u0103 \u0219i de est), iar ca rat\u0103 de cre\u0219tere la nivel global pe locul V (ultimul \u2013 cea mai mic\u0103 rat\u0103, respectiv 3%).<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Care sunt modalit\u0103\u021bile prin care se genereaz\u0103 fluxuri financiare ilegale \u00een Africa?<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. activit\u0103\u021bile comerciale ilegale<\/span> sunt responsabile pentru cel pu\u021bin 60% din totalul FFI \u00een Africa. Acestea includ: pre\u021buri de transfer abuzive, evalu\u0103ri incorecte ale valorii comerciale (supraevaluarea importurilor, subevaluarea exporturilor), raportarea defectuoas\u0103 c\u0103tre autorit\u0103\u021bile vamale a tranzac\u021biilor comerciale \u0219i activelor necorporale (brevete, patente, fran\u0219ize etc.), toate cu scop de evaziune fiscal\u0103, dar \u0219i folosirea \u00een mod agresiv, deliberat, a unui complex de metode la limita legii de evitare sau diminuare a impozitelor.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. activit\u0103\u021bi de crim\u0103 organizat\u0103<\/span>, cu scopul de a ascunde tranzac\u021bii \u0219i venituri provenite din trafic de persoane, narcotice, arme, contraband\u0103, dar \u0219i cele legate de activit\u0103\u021bi frauduloase din sectorul financiar (\u00eemprumuturi neautorizate, sp\u0103lare de bani, falsuri).<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. corup\u021bie \u0219i abuzul de autoritate<\/span> \u2013 cel mai des asociate \u00een Africa cu mituirea func\u021bionarilor \u00a0publici \u0219i abuzul \u00een serviciu al acestora, cu scopul de a facilita activit\u0103\u021bile de crim\u0103 organizat\u0103, dar \u0219i de a influen\u021ba proceduri administrative \u00een folosul sectorului privat (at\u00e2t companii locale, dar \u0219i interna\u021bionale, prezente pe continent).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Arhitectura factorilor favorizan\u021bi ai fluxurilor financiare ilegale \u00een Africa<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Surse: <\/span>http:\/\/www.uneca.org<\/span><\/a>; <\/span>\u00a0http:\/\/content-ext.undp.org\/aplaws_publications\/3273649\/IFFs_from_LDCs_web.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Exist\u0103 trei clase de factori favorizan\u021bi ai FFI \u00een general la nivel global, Africa confirm\u00e2nd aceast\u0103 structur\u0103, precum \u0219i dependen\u021bele dintre clase:<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Factori macroeconomici<\/span> \u2013 foarte dependen\u021bi de situa\u021bia fiec\u0103rei \u021b\u0103ri, ace\u0219tia ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 asupra celorlal\u021bi factori dec\u00e2t direct asupra FFI.<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. Factori structurali<\/span> \u2013 au cel mai mare impact asupra FFI; de exemplu, acolo unde cre\u0219terea economic\u0103 nu este incluziv\u0103, iar distribu\u021bia veniturilor este din ce \u00een ce mai inegal\u0103 (coeficientul <\/span>Gini<\/span><\/a> se deterioreaz\u0103 rapid), noii \u00eembog\u0103\u021bi\u021bi vor c\u0103uta s\u0103 evite taxele \u0219i impozitele, mai ales \u00een condi\u021biile \u00een care guvernan\u021ba a avut de suferit.<\/span><\/li>\n
    3. Slaba guvernan\u021b\u0103<\/span> \u2013 las\u0103 cel mai adesea loc pentru corup\u021bie, resursele nemaifiind alocate pe criterii de competen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i eficien\u021b\u0103, ci clientelar.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u00centre cele trei clase de factori exist\u0103 interac\u021biuni multiple \u0219i complexe. De exemplu, o rat\u0103 supraevaluat\u0103 a cursului de schimb al monedei na\u021bionale (factor macroeconomic) poate stimula dezvoltarea unui sistem paralel, informal, de schimb valutar tip \u201epia\u021b\u0103 neagr\u0103\u201d (economie subteran\u0103 \u2013 factor de guvernan\u021b\u0103), ceea ce va determina cre\u0219terea corup\u021biei (din nou, guvernan\u021b\u0103) dar \u0219i distribu\u021bia inegal\u0103 a veniturilor (factor structural).<\/span><\/p>\n

      Principalele sectoare afectate de fluxurile financiare ilicite \u00een Africa. <\/span>Graficul urm\u0103tor prezint\u0103 cele mai importante 10 sectoare afectate de FFI \u00een Africa, pierderile din intervalul considerat (2000 \u2013 2009), exprimate \u00een miliarde USD, fiind doar cele estimate ca urmare a evalu\u0103rii incorecte a valorii comerciale, f\u0103r\u0103 a lua \u00een considerare alte activit\u0103\u021bi comerciale ilegale, ori cele legate de crim\u0103 organizat\u0103 \u0219i corup\u021bie, \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu aceste resurse \u0219i sectoare.<\/span><\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      Sursa: <\/span>http:\/\/www.uneca.org<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Este Africa preg\u0103tit\u0103 s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 uria\u0219ei provoc\u0103ri a fluxurilor financiare ilegale?<\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

      Problematica FFI este una complex\u0103 \u0219i foarte tehnic\u0103, pe toate palierele: originea banilor, destina\u021bia lor, ordinul de m\u0103rime a fenomenului, metodele \u0219i procedeele folosite, persoanele \u0219i entit\u0103\u021bile implicate, dar \u0219i r\u0103spunsul statelor. \u021a\u0103rilor africane le lipse\u0219te adeseori capacitatea de r\u0103spuns administrativ\u0103 \u0219i juridic\u0103, ori au probleme legislative care chiar favorizeaz\u0103 activit\u0103\u021bile ilicite ce genereaz\u0103 FFI. Din acest motiv, cea mai adecvat\u0103 strategie de r\u0103spuns a \u021b\u0103rilor africane la FFI este reprezentat\u0103 \u00een ultimii ani de o re\u021bea din ce \u00een ce mai vast\u0103 \u0219i eficient\u0103 de parteneriate interna\u021bionale sau de colabor\u0103ri cu principalele institu\u021bii de dezvoltare prezente pe continent, at\u00e2t \u00een domeniul preven\u021biei, al investiga\u021biei economico-financiare \u0219i urm\u0103ririi penale, c\u00e2t \u0219i al recuper\u0103rii \u0219i repatrierii fondurilor, a instrumentelor financiare ori a altor bunuri ce au p\u0103r\u0103sit ilegal continentul. <\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Illicit financial flows are commonly referred to as \u201cmoney that is illegally earned, transferred, or utilized\u201d. Illicit financial flows out of Africa have become a matter of major concern because of the scale and negative impact of such flows on Africa\u2019s development and governance agenda.\u00a0 The various means by which illicit financial flows take place …<\/p>\n

      Fluxurile financiare ilegale \u00een Africa<\/span> Read More »<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-637","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-africa"],"yoast_head":"\nFluxurile financiare ilegale \u00een Africa - Intrevo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/intrevo.ro\/en\/fluxurile-financiare-ilegale-in-africa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fluxurile financiare ilegale \u00een Africa - Intrevo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Illicit financial flows are commonly referred to as \u201cmoney that is illegally earned, transferred, or utilized\u201d. 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