{"id":655,"date":"2022-03-08T12:03:04","date_gmt":"2022-03-08T12:03:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/intrevo.creare-siteweb.ro\/?p=655"},"modified":"2022-03-25T10:55:45","modified_gmt":"2022-03-25T10:55:45","slug":"surse-de-finantare-in-africa-ii-surse-externe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/intrevo.ro\/en\/surse-de-finantare-in-africa-ii-surse-externe\/","title":{"rendered":"Surse de finan\u021bare \u00een Africa (II). Surse externe"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Total external flows to Africa for 2015 were estimated at USD 208.3 billion, down from an estimated USD 212.2 billion in 2014. But the figure was predicted to pick up to USD 226.5 billion in 2016. Official development assistance (ODA) is the most important component of public external financing of Africa. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is also an important component of external financial flows to Africa, but featured by a pronounced volatility. Other sources of external financing available in Africa are: Remittances of the workers abroad, External debt financing, Foreign private capital, Foreign investments on local capital markets and Bilateral and Multilateral funds for projects aimed at mitigating the climate change.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Suma total\u0103 estimat\u0103 a fluxurilor externe de finan\u021bare a Africii \u2013 investi\u021bii str\u0103ine, schimburi comerciale, asisten\u021b\u0103 \u00een dezvoltare, capitaluri private \u0219i transferurile din diaspor\u0103 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00een anul 2015, a fost de 208,3 miliarde USD<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">, cu 1,8% mai mic\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een 2014. Acest total al fluxurilor externe este estimat s\u0103 creasc\u0103 din nou \u2013 la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">226,5 miliarde USD, pentru 2016<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Asisten\u021ba oficial\u0103 pentru dezvoltare (ODA)<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">este cea mai important\u0103 component\u0103 de finan\u021bare extern\u0103 public\u0103 a Africii, volumul s\u0103u total fiind de 56,4 miliarde USD \u00een 2015, dup\u0103 o sc\u0103dere \u00een 2014. Proiec\u021bia <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.afdb.org\/en\/news-keywords\/african-economic-outlook\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">African Economic Outlook<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> pentru ODA \u00een 2016 este de aproape 59 miliarde USD.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-656 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/intrevo.creare-siteweb.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/AF03_0231318_Grafic01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"632\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/intrevo.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/AF03_0231318_Grafic01.jpg 632w, https:\/\/intrevo.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/AF03_0231318_Grafic01-300x171.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Valori nete oficiale ale aloc\u0103rilor ODA \u00een Africa, pe regiuni, 2004 \u2013 2016. Sursa: African Economic Outlook \u00a9 AfDB, OECD, UNDP 2016.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\" translation-block\"><span style=\"font-weight: 300\">ODA a jucat un rol major \u00een finan\u021barea dezvolt\u0103rii Africii, dar ponderea sa \u00een fluxul total al finan\u021b\u0103rii externe a sc\u0103zut constant \u00een ultimii ani. De-a lungul timpului, ODA, care depinde mai mult de priorit\u0103\u021bile donatorului dec\u00e2t de cele ale receptorului, a determinat o serie de costuri economice \u0219i politice statelor africane. De aceea, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">reducerea dependen\u021bei \u021b\u0103rilor africane de ODA <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 300\">este unul din obiectivele <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/au.int\/en\/agenda2063\/overview\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"font-weight: 300\">Agendei 2063<\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/agenda2063.au.int\/en\/documents\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Investi\u021biile str\u0103ine directe (FDI)<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">reprezint\u0103 o component\u0103 important\u0103 a fluxurilor financiare externe destinate Africii, av\u00e2nd \u00eens\u0103 o pronun\u021bat\u0103 volatilitate. Acest caracter este reflectat \u0219i de dificultatea de estimare a FDI: de exemplu, pentru 2015, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.imf.org\/data\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FMI<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> estimeaz\u0103 o cre\u0219tere de 16%, la 57,5 miliarde USD de la 49,4 \u00een 2014, \u00een timp ce ONU, prin <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/unctadstat.unctad.org\/FR\/Index.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">UNCTAD<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">, raporteaz\u0103 o diminuare de peste 31%, ceea ce duce la un nivel estimat al FDI de aproape 34 miliarde USD \u0219i evident, la o sc\u0103dere a volumului total apreciat pentru sursele de finan\u021bare externe private. Estimarea UNCTAD ia \u00een calcul diminu\u0103ri considerabile de FDI \u00een 2015 pentru Mozambic, Nigeria \u0219i Africa de Sud.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Africa a atras \u00een 2015 FDI \u00een special din Fran\u021ba, Marea Britanie \u0219i SUA, dar \u0219i din economii emergente precum Africa de Sud, China, India etc. Destina\u021biile fondurilor sunt \u00een continuare \u021b\u0103ri dezvoltate economic sau bogate \u00een resurse (Egipt, Maroc, Africa de Sud, Mozambic, Ghana etc.), iar industriile cele mai atractive sunt cele extractive \u0219i de larg consum, precum \u0219i infrastructura. \u021a\u0103rile care nu dispun de resurse naturale importante, dar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">au sporit atractivitatea pentru investi\u021biile str\u0103ine \u0219i au industrii competitive<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> \u00een domenii ca IT&amp;C, retail, servicii financiare, au primit <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">37% din totalul FDI<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> \u00een 2015, comparativ cu 30% \u00een 2010.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Transferurile de bani din str\u0103in\u0103tate<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">(bani trimi\u0219i de diaspor\u0103) pentru care exist\u0103 \u00eenregistr\u0103ri oficiale reprezint\u0103 cea mai important\u0103 \u0219i, totodat\u0103, cea mai stabil\u0103 component\u0103 a fluxurilor financiare externe cu destina\u021bia Africa (64,6 miliarde USD \u00een 2015, \u00een u\u0219oar\u0103 cre\u0219tere fa\u021b\u0103 de 2014, cu o estimare de 66,4 miliarde USD pentru 2016, potrivit <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.afdb.org\/en\/news-keywords\/african-economic-outlook\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">African Economic Outlook<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">). Din aproximativ 23 milioane de migran\u021bi africani, 18 milioane lucreaz\u0103 \u00een Africa. Veniturile acestora provin \u00een principal din \u021b\u0103ri precum Camerun, Coasta de Filde\u0219 \u0219i Africa de Sud. Totu\u0219i, cea mai mare parte a acestui tip de venit la nivelul continentului este furnizat de \u021b\u0103ri precum SUA, Arabia Saudit\u0103, Fran\u021ba, Marea Britanie (peste 44% din sumele intrate \u00een 2015). Fondurile provenite din aceste transferuri sunt distribuite foarte inegal la nivelul continentului \u0219i sunt dificil de atras ca finan\u021b\u0103ri pentru investi\u021bii \u00een \u021b\u0103rile receptor. Unele \u021b\u0103ri au lansat \u00eens\u0103 instrumente prin care banii trimi\u0219i de diaspor\u0103 sunt folosi\u021bi ca finan\u021bare colateral\u0103 \u00een proiecte de interes pentru aceast\u0103 categorie: educa\u021bie, infrastructur\u0103, s\u0103n\u0103tate, locuin\u021be.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Costurile ridicate ale opera\u021biunilor bancare de transfer reprezint\u0103 un inconvenient major pentru utilizatorii lor \u0219i sunt o piedic\u0103 \u00een calea transparen\u021bei opera\u021biunilor. Dac\u0103 la nivel mondial costul mediu de transfer a 200 USD reprezint\u0103 aproximativ 7,4% din sum\u0103 \u00een 2015, costul pentru Africa subsaharian\u0103 este de 9,5%, unul dintre cele mai ridicate; se consider\u0103, pe de alt\u0103 parte, c\u0103 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">transferurile ne\u00eenregistrate formal ar putea avea un volum p\u00e2n\u0103 la dublu fa\u021b\u0103 de cele oficiale<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Finan\u021bare prin \u00eendatorare extern\u0103<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Datoria total\u0103 extern\u0103 (a\u0219a cum este definit\u0103 de FMI \u0219i Banca Mondial\u0103) reprezint\u0103 datoria c\u0103tre nereziden\u021bi, respectiv suma datoriei pe termen scurt, pe termen lung (datorie public\u0103 \u0219i public garantat\u0103, privat\u0103 negarantat\u0103) \u0219i utilizarea de credit FMI. Distinc\u021bia dintre datoria extern\u0103 \u0219i cea intern\u0103 devine tot mai pu\u021bin vizibil\u0103 la nivel global (mutarea centrului de greutate de la \u00eemprumuturi \u00een moned\u0103 str\u0103in\u0103 acordate de nereziden\u021bi, spre obliga\u021biuni emise \u00een moned\u0103 str\u0103in\u0103 dar de\u021binute de reziden\u021bi; cre\u0219terea prezen\u021bei nereziden\u021bilor pe pie\u021bele interne de obliga\u021biuni, imobiliare \u0219i capital privat). \u00cen context african apar \u0219i al\u021bi factori \u00een acest sens, precum integrarea regional\u0103, ce aduce investitori \u00een obliga\u021biuni din cadrul regiunii, sau varietatea mare de monede str\u0103ine \u00een care este de\u021binut\u0103 datoria, ce face de altfel \u021b\u0103rile africane vulnerabile la multiple riscuri macroeconomice, politice sau ale cursului de schimb.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Datoria extern\u0103 a Africii este \u00een cre\u0219tere<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> (conform <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/unctad.org\/en\/Pages\/Home.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNCTAD<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">), fiind legat\u0103 predominant de reducerea veniturilor din export, ad\u00e2ncirea deficitului de cont curent \u0219i \u00eencetinirea cre\u0219terii economice. \u00cen medie, datoria extern\u0103 a Africii a crescut destul de rapid, cu 10,2 % pe an \u00een perioada 2011 \u2013 2013, fa\u021b\u0103 de 7,8% pe an \u00een 2006 \u2013 2009. Pentru perioada 2014 \u2013 2017, situa\u021bia datoriei externe (inclusiv estim\u0103ri \u0219i proiec\u021bii) este prezentat\u0103 \u00een graficul urm\u0103tor:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-657 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/intrevo.creare-siteweb.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/AF03_0231318_Grafic02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https:\/\/intrevo.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/AF03_0231318_Grafic02.jpg 600w, https:\/\/intrevo.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/AF03_0231318_Grafic02-300x186.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Legenda<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">*Total debt outstanding of Africa (as % of GDP) **Debt service, the African countries (as % of exports of goods and services)\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Sursa: African Economic Outlook \u00a9 AfDB, OECD, UNDP 2016<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 2014, conform datelor <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.afdb.org\/en\/news-keywords\/african-economic-outlook\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">African Economic Outlook<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">, datoria extern\u0103 total\u0103 a Africii era de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">556,9 miliarde USD<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> din care 145,1 miliarde USD (26%) reprezentau doar datoria extern\u0103 a Africii de Sud. Din aceast\u0103 sum\u0103 total\u0103 la nivelul continentului, principalele tipuri de surse de finan\u021bare erau cele multilaterale \u2013 creditare de la institu\u021bii interna\u021bionale (55,1%) \u0219i bilaterale (37,6%).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Datorit\u0103 cre\u0219terii economice sc\u0103zute din pie\u021bele dezvoltate, a sporit interesul investitorilor pentru ob\u021binerea unor randamente superioare pe pie\u021be emergente, \u00een special \u00een Africa. Acest comportament a diponibilizat surse suplimentare de finan\u021bare pe continent, deseori f\u0103r\u0103 suficient\u0103 reglementare, iar multe \u021b\u0103ri africane au profitat de acest context. Cre\u0219terea datoriei externe a Africii este caracterizat\u0103 de o schimbare semnificativ\u0103 \u00een structura datoriei, mai ales \u00een ponderea credit\u0103rii \u00een condi\u021bii preferen\u021biale (mai bune dec\u00e2t condi\u021biile obi\u0219nuite ale pie\u021bei \/ cu o component\u0103 tip subven\u021bie de minim 25%). Ponderea credit\u0103rii \u00een condi\u021bii preferen\u021biale din totalul datoriei externe a Africii a sc\u0103zut de la 42,4% \u00een 2006\u20132009, la 36,8% \u00een 2011\u20132013. \u00cen schimb, odat\u0103 cu ob\u021binerea <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/opendata\/new-country-classifications-2016\"><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">statului de \u021bar\u0103 cu venituri medii<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> de c\u0103tre un num\u0103r din ce \u00een ce mai mare de economii africane, a crescut ponderea credit\u0103rii \u00een condi\u021bii nepreferen\u021biale, respectiv \u021b\u0103rile se finan\u021beaz\u0103 mai mult prin emisiuni de obliga\u021biuni \u0219i \u00eemprumuturi de la creditori comerciali dec\u00e2t de la cei multilaterali, o situa\u021bie mult mai dificil de gestionat de c\u0103tre acestea.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Alte surse de finan\u021bare extern\u0103 disponibile \u00een Africa, dar cu pondere mai mic\u0103 \u00een totalul fluxurilor externe sunt: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Capitalurile private de provenien\u021b\u0103 extern\u0103, Investi\u021biile str\u0103ine pe pie\u021bele locale de capital <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">\u0219i <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fondurile bilaterale \u0219i multilaterale pentru proiecte viz\u00e2nd diminuarea efectelor schimb\u0103rilor climatice.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Total external flows to Africa for 2015 were estimated at USD 208.3 billion, down from an estimated USD 212.2 billion in 2014. But the figure was predicted to pick up to USD 226.5 billion in 2016. Official development assistance (ODA) is the most important component of public external financing of Africa. Foreign direct investment (FDI) &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/intrevo.ro\/en\/surse-de-finantare-in-africa-ii-surse-externe\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Surse de finan\u021bare \u00een Africa (II). Surse externe<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-655","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-africa"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.12 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Surse de finan\u021bare \u00een Africa (II). 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